A boy is a young male human (usually child or adolescent), as contrasted to its female counterpart, girl, or an adult male, a man.

The term "boy" is primarily used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions or both. The latter most commonly applies to adult men, either considered in some way immature or inferior, in a position associated with aspects of boyhood, or even without such boyish connotation as age-indiscriminate synonym. The term can be joined with a variety of other words to form these gender-related labels as compound words.

Ongoing debates about the influences of nature versus nurture in shaping the behavior of girls and boys raises questions about whether the roles played by boys are mainly the result of inborn differences or of socialization. Images of boys in art, literature and popular culture often demonstrate assumptions about gender roles.

Etymology

The word "boy" comes from Middle English ''boi, boye'' ("boy, servant"), related to other Germanic words for ''boy'', namely East Frisian ''boi'' ("boy, young man") and West Frisian ''boai'' ("boy"). Though the exact etymology is obscure, the English and Frisian forms probably derive from an earlier Anglo-Frisian *''bō-ja'' ("little brother"), a diminutive of the Germanic root *''bō-'' ("brother, male relation"), from Proto-Indo-European *''bhā-'', *''bhāt-'' ("father, brother"). The root is also found in Flemish ''boe'' ("brother"), Norwegian dialectal ''boa'' ("brother"), and, through a reduplicated variant *''bō-bō-'', in Old Norse ''bófi'', Dutch ''boef'' "(criminal) knave, rogue", German ''Bube'' ("knave, rogue"). Furthermore, the word may be related to ''Bōia'', an Anglo-Saxon personal name.

Scope

An adult male human is a man, but when age is not a crucial factor, both terms can be interchangeable, e.g., 'boys and their toys' applies equally to adults and young boys, just as 'Are you mice or men?' can also apply to young boys.

The age boundary is not clear cut, rather dependent on the context or even on individual circumstances. A young man who has not assumed (or has been denied) the traditional roles of a man might also be called a boy. It may feel uncomfortable to a young male upon being referred to as a "man" before he believes he has assumed these roles, such as having a career, a partner, a household of his own, fatherhood, etc., though the addition of a jocular modifier such as "young man" or "little man" might lessen the dissonance. Conversely, it may feel uncomfortable to a male to be called a "boy" if he believes he has assumed the traditional roles of a "man". In ''mother's/mama's boy'', the word emphatically implies a male (minor or adult in years) who is too immature to be independent.

In some traditions boyhood is held to be exchanged for adult manhood, or at least approach it significantly, by certain -in se independent- acts assuming a role deemed to be typical for a "normal" man (though there are limits) as marriage, fathering offspring or military service. Various cultural and/or religious rites of passage serve, partially or specifically, to mark the transition to manhood. There is often a number of traditional differences in attire between boys and adult men, which may even give rise to a metaphoric term such as ''broekvent'' in Dutch (i.e., a boy who has not yet "graduated" from shorts to trousers) and in what is socially accepted as appropriate behaviour, e.g., boys may be publicly seen naked in cultures where men are not.

In English, the words youth, teenager and adolescent may refer to either male or female. No gender-specific term exists for an intermediate stage between a boy and a man, except "young man", although the term puberty, for one who reached sexual reproductivity (or the legally assumed age, e.g. 14 for boys, often set lower for girls) without being a legal adult yet, stems from a Latin word for boys only, itself named after the accompanying male body hair, ''pubes'', on face and genital region.

Many occasions occur when an adult male is commonly referred to as a boy. A person's boyfriend or loverboy may be of any age; this even applies to a 'working' call-boy, toyboy (though usually younger than the client as youth is generally considered attractive). Reflecting the general aesthetic preference for youth, one says ''pretty boy'' (e.g. in the nickname of Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd, who committed his first bank robbery at age 30) or Adonis (name of a mythological youth) even when a male beauty is clearly of riper age. In terms (used pejoratively or neutrally) for homosexuals such as batty boy (alongside "batty man"; from "bottom") or "bum boy", age is not essential, but the connotation of immaturity can strengthen insulting use.

A man's group of male friends etc. engaged in Male bonding are often called "the boys". It is most common to refer to men, irrespective of age or even in an adult age group, as boys in the context of a team (especially all-male), such as old boys for networking of adult men who attended the same school(s) as boys, or as professional colleagues, e.g. "the boys at the office, - police station etc." (often all adults). The members of a student fraternity can be called frat(ernity) boys, technically preferable to the pleonasm frat-bro(ther), and remain so for life as adults, after graduation.

In sports 'the boys' commonly refers to the teammates; e.g., UK football managers quite often refer to their players as "The boy so-and-so" and this usage is by no means restricted to the youngest players, though it is rarely applied to the most senior.

In US urban, particularly African American and Latino slang the term boy is used with a possessive as meaning friend (''my boy,'' ''his boys''), presumably as a reduction of ''homeboy'', originally a male from the same area.

In some cases, the word ''boy'' is used merely to designate the age of the (male) person, irrespective of the function, as in altar boy, a minor acting as liturgical acolyte, or in Boy Scouts, an organisation specifically for boys. Thus the compound ''-man'' can then be replaced by ''-boy'', as in footboy; or boy is simply added, either as a prefix (e.g., in boy-racer) or as a suffix (e.g., in Teddy Boy).

An adult equivalent (with or without ''-man'') is not to be expected when -boy designates an apprentice (for which some languages use a compound with the equivalent of boy, e.g. ''leerjongen'' 'learning boy' in Dutch) or lowest rank implying specific on the job training if promotion is to be obtained, as in kitchen-boy. Similarly ''schoolboy'' only applies to minors; the modern near-synonym ''pupil'' originally designated a minor in Roman law as being under a specific adult's authority, as ''in loco parentis''.

Expressions such as "boys will be boys" (i.e., a male always retains a tendency for boyish games or mischief) allude to stereotypically ascribed characteristics of boys and men; in the term ''tomboy'', a woman's (according to the counterpart-gender stereotype) uncharacteristically bold nature is even described solely by comparing her to a boy.

The use of boy (like kid) in (fantasy or descriptive) nicknames, also for adult men (e.g. Shark Boy for a wrestler with matching costume), may also connote to the informal or naughty image of boyhood.

In such terms as 'city boy' or 'home boy', the age notion is at most anachronistic, as they indicate any male who grew up (or by extension lived a long time) in a certain environment.

Specific uses and compounds

The following subsections treat some specific contexts where the term boy is frequently used, as such or in compound terms, often 'emancipated' from the age notion as such.

Master was replaced (not for a slave owner or his overseer etc.) by the late 19th century, as a form of address, especially employed by servants, by Mister (etymologically equal) for the master of the household and other adults, but retained for boys until age 13.

Military

The term 'our boys' is commonly used for a nation's soldiers, often with sympathy. Given the physical demands of battle, recruits are preferably in their physical prime, but adult professionals remain included in the term as long as they remain in service. A case where the term is formally used for (adult) men is sideboy, a member of an even-numbered group of seaman posted in two rows at the Quarterdeck when a visiting dignitary boards or leaves a ship. In the Ottoman empire, the young, mainly Christian military recruits for life (often forcibly enlisted by 'devshirme') were officially called ''acemi oglanlar'' ("novice boys").

Thus "-boy" can enter the nickname for a particular nation's soldiers, e.g. the US (infantry) doughboy, or a specific force, e.g. ''Fly-boy'' is slang for an airman.

Furthermore, specific terms refer to minors used in the armed forces:

drummer boy

ship's boy is a minor in naval training; boy seaman refers to specific, low-paid apprentice ranks, notably in the Royal Navy; until the middle of the twentieth century, they were the only Navy staff subject (like their civilian age-peers, at home and in school) to physical punishment, usually spanking, traditionally administered on the bare bottom (as in English public schools; the adults were lashed on the backside above the waist), either formally (ordered in court martial, publicly executed on deck) or, more often but less severely, summary; the same was true of a midshipman, also a minor, but indicated with "-man" rather than "-boy", possibly reflecting their higher status as future naval officers. Sometimes in ex-servicemen's parades, an old man is described as "ship's boy" to say that he served so classed in the Navy as a boy.

However, when a minor in military employ is considered (historically often far less restrictive then nowadays) too young to be a 'normal' warrior (illegal under present UN rules, but without precise enforceable age limits), he's called boy soldier, regardless whether he's used as an armed fighter or only in logistic or similar functions such as bearer.

Domestic, residential and similar 'personal' attendants

Houseboy, or often "boy" for short, became a common term for domestic staff, notably non-European natives in the Asian and African colonies, adopted as such in other languages, e.g. in Dutch and French (also in the Belgian colonies).

Bellboy was originally a ship's bell-ringer, later a hotel page.

Busboy is a rank in restaurants etc. below (head) waiter, fitting for trainees but may be held by ripe adults, even under younger (e.g. better qualified) superiors

Page, from the Greek παις ''pais'', again in many languages, already in Hellenistic times παίδες βασιλικοί ''paides basilikoi'' 'royal (i.e. court) boys'.

Cabin boy

Cabana boy

Hamam oğlanı "bath boy" (also called Tellak) working in a Turkish bath.

Hall boy

Kitchen boy, belows the cook(s); in a large household there may be specific functions, such as spitboy

Linkboy like linkman meant torch- or other light-bearer

Cultural and religious life

Altar boy (see above)

Choir boy designates a boy (always a minor) singer in a choir; here applies a specific physiological, artistically relevant criterion: they remain a musical category of their own (boy soprano, also known as a treble) until their voice 'breaks', during puberty, to join one of the adult male voice registers (countertenor (closest to treble), alto, tenor, baritone, or bass); only the castrato may (not guaranteed) remain a soprano as an adult man; historically the term was designed for all-male (mainly church) choirs, with men with already broken voices (often former choir boys), in modern times it also applies to mixed choirs.

Rural life and professions

Cowboy originally designated a herds''boy'' employed as cowherd, but lost the age notion, first retaining the connotation of inferior status, later applying to the whole ranch life culture; by contrast "shepherd's boy" (rather herding sheep or goats, representing less capital) remained restricted to minors.

Commercial and other services

Often the term "boy" describes positions of the trainee type, such as stable boy (a junior stable hand).

Best boy in a film crew denotes the chief assistant, usually of the gaffer or key grip, next in line to be promoted; an example of a use where the term is traditionally unaltered in crediting female incumbents

Breaker boys were boys between 8 and 12 years old who worked as coal breakers in U.S. coal mines. The job resulted in a high number of fatal and debilitating injuries and the practice of employing children as coal breakers largely ended by 1920 due to the efforts of the National Child Labor Committee.

Office boy and copy boy refer to a young(est) employee (i.e. lacking experience), in training and/or performing menial services such as carrying typewritten texts between offices of a newspaper.

Even into the early 20th century, the British empire systematically employed boy clerks, including a specific rank of boy copyist, recruited by examination (despite the name, requiring schooling) and reserved for candidates aged 15–18, not retained in that rank after the age of 20.

Certain jobs need so little training or formal qualifications that they can easily be performed as student jobs, and thus tend to be filled mostly or exclusively by minors, as it would not pay to employ an adult at or above minimum wage. Thus an equivalent word with the compound man (or similar) may be the rarer one, or even inexistent. Examples include delivery boy, errand boy, messenger boy and various specific terms naming the product to deliver, such as paperboy (closest adult counterpart postman), pizza boy (alongside pizzaman), or to serve, such as a potboy (drinks waiter). In other cases the compound mentions a crucial attribute of his task, e.g. ball boy (more recently also girls) in tennis.

In some cases his small, light body makes a boy a better choice, e.g. as jockey where no weight handicap is in force.

A nipper originally was a boy send out by an adult (often his own father) as pickpocket, later a boy assistant to various professions such as a carter, still later (recorded since 1859) a boys' age term roughly equal to toddler

Race

Historically, in countries such as the U.S. and South Africa, "boy" was not only a 'neutral' term for domestics but also used as a disparaging racist insult towards men of colour (especially of African descent), recalling their subservient status even after the 20th century legal emancipation (from slavery, evolved to race segregation, viz. Apartheid) and alleged infantility, and many still consider it offensive in that context to this day since it denotes that men of colour (especially of African descent) are less than men or no better than an animal. For example a simple command for a dog would be, "Come here boy!"

Non-function specific analogous terms

Boys, in the strict or a wider sense, are often informally referred to by analogous or metaphorical terms. The literal connotations, which may be ironic or downright pejorative, have often been eroded by common use. Some terms are unisex, with or without (at least historical) preponderance of use for boys:

Cub, pup(py) and whelp compare boys to the young of predatory animals, the slang tadpole even to that of an amphibian;

Buck, another animal young, usually refers to a sexually adventurous male youngster

Loon, originally an (idle) lout, has got -mainly in Scotland- unrelated specific meanings, including boy, simpleton and looney person

Sprout compares to a plant's young shoots

References to the boy's generally lighter physique than a man include stripling 'slender youth' and -rather insulting- slang like half-pint or small-fry

More specifically, ''shaveling'' (or in slang shaver) refers to boys' lesser hair growth than men's before - and densification around puberty

Various terms refer to children's, often especially boys', lack of adult manners (e.g. "snot(ty) nose(d) (kid)") or to often mischievous behavior, e.g. "rascal", also by analogy with animals, e.g. "monkey", "urchin" (as 'prickly' as a hedgehog); "(spoiled) brat" refers to such undiscipline for lack of firm upbringing.

Furthermore, common boys' names have also been used metonymically to stand for boys and/or men in general, as in 'every Dick and Tom'.

Analogous uses and popular etymology

By analogy "boy" can also refer as an anthropomorphic term to a young male (or any male) of another animal, either in general or species-specific; in the last case it may even have a specific term, notably derived from a boy's name, such as "billy goat" for a 'boy' goat, or tomcat (known since 1809, for any male cat; but just Tom, applied to male kittens, is recorded since c.1303)

Again by analogy "boy" can occasionally even refer to a 'male' object.

Some words contain 'boy' in English by mistake (folk etymology), actually referring to a (near) homophone such as French ''bois'' = "wood" (e.g. in "low boy", a type of furniture, and in "tallboy", both furniture and a high glass or goblet).

Similar originally youth-related terms

Boys in art

Many mythological boys have frequently been represented in various arts, e.g. Venus' often mischievous son Cupid, himself a young god of love which he 'inflicts' on humans by shooting his arrows; in some style periods even multiplied as naked little boys called ''putti''.

In religious art, generally adults preponderate (except as extras), with certain marked, stereotypical exceptions such as the infant Jesus or angels which may even act as 'Christianized' putti.

In children's books of English folklore, elves are often portrayed as mischievous little boys who are very small with leaf-shaped ears and blond hair.

In portrait art, and generally in commissioned work (including funeral art), the subjects are usually determined by the wishes of the (adult) client, so minors are often in the minority, yet in wealthy families especially heirs are (re)presented as part of their social positioning in view of future marriage and succession, generally either as mini-adults or stereotypical youth, e.g. at play or in cozy home scenes.

Some artists displayed a clear predeliction for scenes with boys, in certain cases (especially if frequently depicting revealing poses) believed to have to do with a homo-erotic taste, as is believed of the highly respected Old Master Caravaggio, or Henry Scott Tuke who kept producing such works even though the market circa 1900 was rather unappreciative.

In music, boys' voices, before they 'break' being of a soprano register (specifically known as treble) unlike adult men (in a choir usually tenor and bass), have been most sought-after, especially where female voices were considered inappropriate as often in church and certain theatrical music - this even lead to the practice of physically trying to prevent their 'angelical' voices ever to break by surgically cutting short the hormonal drive to manhood: for centuries, castrato singers, who coupled adult strength and experience with a treble register, starred in contratenor parts, mainly in operatic styles.

Gallery

See also

Boi (gender)

Boy band

Boy bishop

Boy Scouts

Pederasty

References

Etymology Online - entry for "boy"

H.H.Malincrodt, ''Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek'' (Latin-Dutch dictionary)

Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary

External links

Boyhood Studies, website and journal for the study of boys

Boyhood Studies Forum, discusses news items, new research

Historical Boys' Clothing

Category:Childhood Category:Terms for males

az:Oğlan br:Paotr cs:Chlapec da:Dreng de:Junge eo:Knabo fa:پسر fr:Garçon ga:Buachaill gan:男仔子 ko:소년 ht:Gason la:Puer hu:Fiú nl:Jongen nds-nl:Jong (geslacht) new:मिजंमचा ja:少年 no:Gutt nn:Gut pl:Chłopiec pt:Menino ru:Мальчик scn:Carusu simple:Boy so:Wiil sv:Pojke fiu-vro:Poiss zh-yue:男仔 zh:男孩

name	Les Twins
birth date	December 6, 1988 (age 22)
origin	Sarcelles, Val d'Oise, France
genre	New Style, Hip-hop dance
website	http://www.lestwinsonline.com/
current members	Laurent BourgeoisLarry Bourgeois
background	group_or_band }}

Larry and Laurent Bourgeois, popularly known as "Les Twins", are a French hip-hop dancer duo, of Guadelupian origin, known for their New Style dancing. They appeared on the show Incroyable Talent and won the Juste Debout 2011 in the Hip-Hop New Style category. They come from a very large family with 18 siblings, 9 of whom dance.

Les Twins have performed with Beyoncé Knowles. They have also appeared in Jay-Z's That's Rocawear viral video.

Gallery

References

External links

Les Twins Online

Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:French dancers Category:Hip hop dance Category:Twin people from France

tr:Les Twins

name	Fatboy Slim
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Quentin Leo Cook
alias	Fatboy Slim, and others. See pseudonym section
birth date	July 31, 1963
origin	Reigate, Surrey, England
spouse	Zoe Ball (1999-present)
genre	Big beat, electronic dance, trip hop, dance, rave
occupation	DJ, musician, record producer
instrument	Turntables, keyboard, bass guitar, guitar, drums
years active	1981–present
label	Skint, Astralwerks, Southern Fried
associated acts	The Housemartins, Beats International, Freak Power, Pizzaman, The Brighton Port Authority, David Byrne
website	}}

Norman Quentin Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook on 31 July 1963 in Bromley, England) better known by his former stage name Fatboy Slim, is a British DJ, big beat musician and record producer. He is a pioneer of the electronic dance genre that achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s. Cook has achieved considerable success in the UK charts, performing as Fatboy Slim and with The Housemartins, Beats International and Freak Power. He currently performs as the Brighton Port Authority.

History

Quentin Leo Cook was raised in Reigate, Surrey, England, and was educated at Reigate Grammar School. He played drums in Disque Attack (a British new-wave-influenced rock band). When frontman Charlie Alcock was told by his parents that he had to give up the band to concentrate on his O levels, Cook took over as lead vocalist. At Reigate College he also met Paul Heaton with whom he formed the Stomping Pondfrogs. At 18, he went to the Brighton Polytechnic to study a BA in English, politics and sociology. Although he had begun DJing some years before, it was at this time that he began to develop his skills on the thriving Brighton club scene.

Known as DJ Quentox (The OX that Rocks) Cook and DJ Baptiste started putting on Youth Club Hip Hop jams in Brighton, sowing the seeds of the City's flourishing Hip Hop scene today. These primitive 80s block parties are recalled in the music documentary 'South Coast' which documents Brighton's cult Hip Hop scene from its grass roots to the present day.

In 1985 Cook's friend Paul Heaton had formed a guitar band called The Housemartins. Their bassist quit on the eve of their first national tour, so Cook agreed to move to Hull to join them. The band soon had a hit single with "Happy Hour". They also reached number one just before Christmas 1986 with a version of "Caravan of Love" originally a hit the year before for Isley-Jasper-Isley. However, by 1988 they had split up. Heaton and the band's drummer Dave Hemingway went on to form The Beautiful South, while Cook moved back to Brighton to pursue his interest in the style of music he preferred. It was at this time that he first started working with young studio engineer Simon Thornton, with whom he continues to make records. All Cook's records released from that point onwards have involved both of them to varying degrees (Thornton is credited in 2004 as "Executive Producer" for example).

Cook achieved his first solo hit in 1989, featuring his future Beats International member MC Wildski called "Blame It on the Bassline". Credited to "Norman Cook feat. MC Wildski", the song followed the basic template of what was to come in the style of the music of Beats International. It became a modest hit in the UK Singles Chart, reaching #29.

Cook formed Beats International, a loose confederation of studio musicians including vocalists Lindy Layton, Lester Noel, D.J. Baptiste, rapper MC Wildski, and keyboardist Andy Boucher. Their first album ''Let Them Eat Bingo'' included the number one single "Dub Be Good to Me", which caused a legal dispute revolving around allegations of infringement of copyright through the liberal use of unauthorised samples: the bassline was a note-for-note lift from "The Guns of Brixton" by The Clash and the lyrics borrowed heavily from "Just Be Good to Me" by The S.O.S. Band. The 1991 follow-up album ''Excursion on the Version'', an exploration of dub and reggae rhythms, failed to repeat the success of its predecessor, as it did not chart.

Cook then formed Freak Power with horn player Ashley Slater and singer Jesse Graham. They released their debut album ''Drive Thru Booty'' in 1994, which contained the single "Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out". The cut was picked up by the Levi's company for use in a multimillion-dollar advertising campaign. In 1996, Cook re-joined Freak Power for their second album ''More of Everything for Everybody''.

Cook enlisted help from producer friends Tim Jeffery and JC Reid to create a house music album under the name Pizzaman. The 1995 ''Pizzamania'' album spawned three UK Top 40 hits in "Trippin' on Sunshine", "Sex on the Streets" and "Happiness". "Happiness" was picked up by the Del Monte Foods corporation for use in a UK fruit juice ad. The music videos for "Trippin' on Sunshine", "Sex on the Streets" and "Happiness" were all directed by Michael Dominic.

Cook also formed the group The Mighty Dub Katz along with Gareth Hansome (aka GMoney), Cook's former flatmate. Together they started the ''Boutique'' Nightclub in Brighton, formerly known as the ''Big Beat Boutique''. Their biggest song together was "Magic Carpet Ride".

Recordings, 1997–2008

Cook adopted the new pseudonym Fatboy Slim in 1996. The Fatboy Slim album and Cook's second solo album ''Better Living Through Chemistry'' (released through Skint Records) contained the Top 40 UK hit, "Everybody Needs a 303".

Fatboy Slim's next work was the single "The Rockafeller Skank", released prior to the album ''You've Come a Long Way, Baby'', both of which were released in 1998. "Praise You", also from this album, was Cook's first UK solo number one. Its music video, directed by Spike Jonze, won numerous awards.

''Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars'' was his fourth solo album, released in 2000 and featured two collaborations with Macy Gray and "Weapon of Choice", which also was made into an award-winning video starring Christopher Walken.

In 2003, he produced tracks 3 and 12 for the Blur album ''Think Tank'', and in 2004, ''Palookaville'' was Cook's first studio album for four years.

Fatboy Slim's greatest hits album ''Why Try Harder'' was released on 19 June 2006. It comprises eighteen tracks, including ten Top 40 singles, a couple of Number Ones and two exclusive new tracks – "Champion Sound" and "That Old Pair of Jeans". Most of the songs were shortened and heavily edited, resulting in almost fifteen minutes of unused space on the compact disc release.

In 2006 Cook travelled to Cuba, and wrote and produced two original Cuban crossover tracks for the album ''The Revolution Presents: Revolution'', which was released by Studio !K7 and Rapster Records in 2009. The tracks were called "Shelter" (which featured long term collaborator Lateef); and "Siente Mi Ritmo", featuring Cuba's top female vocal group "Sexto Sentido". The recordings took place in Cuba's legendary EGREM Studios, home of the Buena Vista Social Club, and featured a band made up of Cuba's top young musicians, including Harold Lopez Nussa. Another track recorded during these sessions entitled "Guaguanco" was released separately under the Mighty Dub Katz moniker in 2006.

Cook has also been responsible for successful remixes for Cornershop, Beastie Boys, A Tribe Called Quest and Wildchild. In 2008 he did a remix of the track "Amazonas" for the charity Bottletop.

Cook released a mix album in 2010 titled ''The Legend Returns'' as a covermount album in the June 2010 issue of Mixmag. The Brighton Port Authority (also known as the abbreviated version of the name, The BPA) is an alias for multi-instrumentalist and musician Norman Cook, who is better known as Fatboy Slim.

The Brighton Port Authority

The act debuted in 2008 with a collaboration with David Byrne and Dizzee Rascal titled "Toe Jam", along with a music video featuring nude dancers with censor bars on them, making pictures and words with them.

The soundtrack album for the TV series ''Heroes'' also includes the BPA's track "He's Frank (Slight Return)" (a cover of a song by The Monochrome Set), with Iggy Pop as vocalist. The video for this track features a near life size puppet of Iggy Pop. An alternative club version was released under the "He's Frank (Washing Up)" title with the video featuring some footage of Iggy Pop acting and saying lyrics.

The band's first album, ''I Think We're Gonna Need a Bigger Boat'', is the first to be co-produced by Cook's longtime engineer Simon Thornton, who also sings on one track. The album was released 6 January 2009 exclusively at Amazon.com on CD, with downloadable format and other stores scheduled for a month later on 3 February.

Performances

On 13 July 2002 Fatboy Slim performed the second of his free, open air concerts on Brighton Beach. Although organisers expected a crowd of around 60,000 people, the event instead attracted an estimated 250,000 who crammed the promenade and beach between Brighton's piers. Local police forced the event to end early amid safety concerns, overcrowding, and one death. After the music had finished and the crowd began to dissipate, traffic ensued throughout the Brighton area with many caught in traffic jams until the morning.

In June 2005 Fatboy Slim filled the Friday night headline slot on the "Other Stage" at the Glastonbury Festival,. In 2006, Fatboy Slim filled the Saturday headline slot at the Global Gathering festival, Long Marston Airfield in the English Midlands. He played a two hour set, appearing in front of a visual stage set comprising video screens and 3D lighting. A firework display rounded off the show. Having being banned by police from playing in Brighton since 2002, Fatboy Slim was given permission in 2006 to play again in his home town. On 1 January 2007 he played to an audience of more than 20,000 fans along Brighton's seafront. Tickets to the event, titled "Fatboy Slim's Big Beach Boutique 3", were made available only to Brighton residents. The concert was deemed a stunning success by Sussex Police, Fatboy Slim, and the crowd. The Cuban Brothers and David Guetta opened the concert. The next similar event, 'Big Beach Boutique 4', was held on 27 September 2008.

In 2008 Fatboy Slim played at the Glastonbury Festival again, and headlined the O2 Wireless Festival and Rockness Festival. According to an ''NME'' interview, this may have been one of the last times he performed as Fatboy Slim, as he may now focus on his new album, ''The Brighton Port Authority (BPA)''. Also in 2008, Fatboy Slim closed out the famed "Sahara" tent on Friday of the legendary Coachella Valley Music Festival. His introduction included a "Charlie and the Chocholate Factory" opening, that has been called by many one of the most memorable Sahara performances ever.

In 2009 he toured Australia in the ''Good Vibrations'' festival. Also in 2009, he played in Marlay Park, Ireland alongside David Guetta, Dizzee Rascal and Calvin Harris; as well as one huge performance at the Sziget Festival in Budapest. He also has performed at V Festival 2009.

At Glastonbury 2009 he played an unadvertised concert in the "pinball-machine" stage at trash city. In 2010 Fatboy Slim headlined the east dance at Glastonbury Festival. On 18 June 2010 he performed in Cape Town, South Africa as part of the Cool Britannia FIFA World Cup music festival at the Cape Town International Convention Centre. On 30 May 2011 he performed as the headliner for Detroit's Electronic Music Festival in Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Biography

Cook was awarded a star on the city of Brighton's Walk of Fame, next to that of Winston Churchill.

He married TV personality Zoë Ball in 1999 at Babington House in Somerset; in January 2003, Cook broke up with Ball but three months later, they reconciled. They have a son named Woody Fred Cook (born 15 December 2000) and a daughter named Nelly May Lois (born 14 January 2010). Cook is a 12% shareholder of the football club he has supported since moving to Brighton in the late 1980s, Brighton & Hove Albion.

''Q'' magazine named Fatboy Slim in their ''50 Bands to See Before You Die'' list.

On 4 March 2009, Cook checked into a rehabilitation centre in Bournemouth to fight a "booze addiction" that he has been battling "for some time".

Because of an extended stay in rehab his performance at Snowbombing (week-long winter sports and music festival held in the Austrian ski resort of Mayrhofen) was canceled – with the slot being filled by 2ManyDJs. Cook then left the clinic at the end of March.

Cook completed the inaugural Brighton Marathon on 18 April 2010 in a time of 4:53:10.

Awards

In 1999, the video to "Praise You" won three MTV awards, for best direction (Spike Jonze), best choreography (Jones as "Richard Koufey") and best breakthrough video. Fatboy Slim's single "The Rockafeller Skank" topped the ''Village Voice'' 1999 Pazz & Jop singles poll. In September 2001, Fatboy Slim's video for "Weapon of Choice", also directed by Spike Jonze, received six prizes at the MTV Video Awards, the most given to a single winner that year. In May 2007, Cook received an Ivor Novello Award for his "outstanding contribution to British music". Cook was also a judge for the 6th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. He has won two Brit Awards, in 1999 and 2001, both for British Dance Act.

Bands and pseudonyms

Norman Cook, now his real name

Beats International

Rockaway 3

Chemistry

Brighton Port Authority

DJ Delite Used in DJ Tools (e.g. acapellas) for Fatboy Slim Singles

Freak Power

Pizzaman

Sensataria

Cheeky Boy

Son of a Cheeky Boy

Son of Wilmot

Sunny Side Up

The Feelgood Factor

The Housemartins, the indie rock band for which Cook was the bassist for from 1985 to 1988.

Yum Yum Head Food

Fatboy Slim

Fried Funk Food

Mighty Dub Katz ("Magic Carpet Ride" dance song, 1996)

Slimboy Fat

Wildchild ("Renegade Master")

Discography

''Main article: Norman Cook Discography''

See also

The Chemical Brothers

The Prodigy

The Crystal Method

Notes

External links

A Conversation with Norman Cook

Fatboy Slim (Discography) – beatbuggy.com

Norman Cook's Cuban Tracks on The Revolution Presents: Revolution

Video: Norman Cook In Cuba (Interview)

Category:Astralwerks artists Category:Electronica musicians Category:English electronic musicians Category:Music from Brighton, England Category:English football chairmen and investors Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Old Reigatians Category:Alumni of the University of Brighton Category:Breakbeat musicians Category:BRIT Award winners Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:The Housemartins members Category:Remixers Category:People from Hove

bn:ফ্যাটবয় স্লিম bg:Фатбой Слим ca:Fatboy Slim cs:Fatboy Slim da:Fatboy Slim de:Norman Cook et:Fatboy Slim es:Fatboy Slim fr:Fatboy Slim ko:팻보이 슬림 is:Fatboy Slim it:Fatboy Slim he:פאטבוי סלים ka:ფეტბოი სლიმი lv:Fatboy Slim lt:Fatboy Slim nl:Norman Cook ja:ファットボーイ・スリム no:Fatboy Slim pl:Fatboy Slim pt:Fatboy Slim ru:Fatboy Slim fi:Fatboy Slim sv:Fatboy Slim th:นอร์แมน คุก tr:Fatboy Slim uk:Фетбой Слім

birthname	Harvey Lee Yeary
birth date	April 23, 1939
birth place	Wyandotte, Michigan, U.S.
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1964–present
spouse	Kathy Robinson (1961-1964)Farrah Fawcett (1973-1982)Karen Velez (1988-1994)Faith Noelle Cross (2002-present)
children	3 sons, 1 daughter }}

Lee Majors (born April 23, 1939) is an American actor who has worked in television and movies and first became a star in his role as Victoria Barkley's husband's illegitimate son, Heath Barkley, in ''The Big Valley'' (1965–1969). Majors is also well known as Owen Marshall's law partner/friend, Jess Brandon, in ''Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law'' (1971–1974), as Colonel Steve Austin, in ''The Six Million Dollar Man'' (1974–1978) and ''The Bionic Woman'' (1976-1978), and as Colt Seavers in ''The Fall Guy'' (1981–1986).

Early life

Majors was born Harvey Lee Yeary in the Detroit suburb of Wyandotte, Michigan. Parents Carl & Alice Yeary were both killed in separate car accidents (prior to his birth and when he was one year old respectively) and at age two, Majors was adopted by an uncle and aunt, Harvey and Mildred Yeary, and moved with them, and their biological son, Bill, to Middlesboro, Kentucky.

Since his adoptive older brother had been a football star in school, Majors tirelessly committed himself to the sport. While a student at Middlesboro High School, he participated in many sports from track to football. He graduated in 1957, and earned a scholarship to Indiana University, where he again competed in sports. Majors transferred to Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1959. He played in his first game the following year, but suffered a severe back injury which left him paralyzed for two weeks, and ended his college football career. Following his injury, he turned his attention to acting and performed in plays at the Pioneer Playhouse in Danville, Kentucky. Majors graduated from Eastern in 1962 with a degree in History and Physical Education.

After college, he received an offer to try out for the St. Louis Cardinals football team. Instead, he moved to Los Angeles and found work at the Los Angeles Park and Recreation Department as the Recreation Director for North Hollywood Park. This was after a brief stint playing for the new football franchise Boston Patriots as a safety. In LA, Majors met many actors and industry professionals, including Dick Clayton, who had been James Dean's agent, and Clayton suggested he attend his acting school. After one year of acting school, Clayton felt that Majors was ready to start his career. At this time, he picked up the stage name ''Lee Majors'' as a tribute to childhood Johnny Majors who was a player and future coach for the University of Tennessee. Majors also studied at Estelle Harmon's acting school at MGM.

Television and film roles

At age 25, Majors landed his first, although uncredited, role in ''Strait-Jacket'' (1964), which starred Joan Crawford. After appearing in a 1965 episode of ''Gunsmoke'', he starred as Howard White in an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, “The Monkey’s Paw - A Retelling,” based on the short story by W. W. Jacobs later the same year.

''The Big Valley''

Majors got his big break when he beat out over 400 young actors, including Burt Reynolds, for the co-starring role of Heath Barkley in a new ABC western series, ''The Big Valley'', which starred Barbara Stanwyck. Also starring on the show was another newcomer, Linda Evans, who played Heath's younger sister, Audra. Richard Long and Peter Breck played his brothers Jarrod and Nick, respectively. One of Heath's frequently used expressions during the series was "Boy howdy!" ''Big Valley'' was an immediate hit. During the series, Majors landed the lead role in “The Ballad of Andy Crocker” (1969), a made-for-television film which was first broadcast by ABC. The film is notable as being one of the very first films to deal with the subject matter of Vietnam veterans "coming home". That same year, he was offered the chance to star in ''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969), but ''The Big Valley'' was renewed for another season and he was forced to decline the role (which later went to Jon Voight). When ''The Big Valley'' was cancelled in 1969, he signed a long-term contract with Universal Studios. In 1970, Majors joined the cast of ''The Virginian'' for its last season.

''Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law''

In 1971, he landed the role of Arthur Hill's partner, Jess Brandon, on ''Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law'', which garnered critical acclaim during its three seasons on ABC. In one episode, his then girlfriend, Farrah Fawcett, guest-starred.

''The Six Million Dollar Man''

Majors' co-starring role on Owen Marshall led him to a starring role as Colonel Steve Austin, an ex-astronaut with bionic implants in ''The Six Million Dollar Man'', a 1973 television movie broadcast on ABC.

In 1974, the network decided to turn it into a weekly series. The series became a huge international success, being screened in over 70 countries, and made Majors a leading pop icon of the 1970s. Co-starring on the show was Richard Anderson as Austin's boss, Oscar Goldman, and Martin E. Brooks as the doctor incharge of the bionics lab, Rudy Wells (also played by at various times during the show by Alan Oppenheimer). Lee also invited his then wife, Farrah Fawcett, to guest-star in four episodes. By this time, Majors and Fawcett were a high-profile Hollywood couple and were on the cover of magazines everywhere. Majors also made his directorial debut in 1975, on an episode called "One of Our Running Backs Is Missing," which co-starred pro football players such as Larry Csonka and Dick Butkus.

During the show's second season, the producers gave Austin a love interest on the show, Jaime Sommers (played by actress Lindsay Wagner). Steve and Jaime rekindle their school-age relationship and get engaged before she is injured in a skydiving accident and is given similar bionic implants to Austin, but with a bionic right ear instead of a bionic left eye. At the end of the two-part episode, Jaime dies. However, ABC received a flood of letters from upset fans who wanted Wagner's character brought back from the dead. This was done and the character was eventually given her own spin-off show, ''The Bionic Woman''.

In 1977, with ''The Six Million Dollar Man'' still a hit series, Majors tried to renegotiate his contract with Universal Television. The studio in turn filed a lawsuit to force him to report to work due to stipulations within his existing contract that had not yet expired. When he did not report to work that June, studio executives relented and offered Majors a raise. However, ratings began to decline and ''The Six Million Dollar Man'' was canceled in March 1978 (as was ''The Bionic Woman''). In November 2010, Time Life released a 40 DVD set featuring every episode and bonus features from the show.

Feature film career

Majors first major foray into feature films was a co-starring role in the 1968 Charlton Heston film ''Will Penny'', where he received an "Introducing" credit. After his role as Steve Austin, Majors starred in several movies: ''The Norseman'' (1978), ''Steel'' (1979), ''Killer Fish'' (1979), ''Agency'' (1980), ''The Last Chase'' (1981), and also made cameo appearances in ''Scrooged'' (1988) ''Out Cold'' (2001) ''Big Fat Liar'' (2002) and ''The Brothers Solomon'' (2007) ''The Story of Bonnie and Clyde'' (2010)

''The Fall Guy''

In 1981, Majors returned in another long-running television series. Producer Glen A. Larson (who had first worked with Majors on ''Alias Smith and Jones'', where Majors had a one episode part, and later on ''The Six Million Dollar Man'') asked him to star in the pilot of ''The Fall Guy''. Majors played Colt Seavers, a Hollywood stuntman and part-time bounty hunter. ''The Fall Guy'' allowed Majors an opportunity to show off his comedic abilities, something audiences hadn’t yet seen. Majors was also a producer and a director on the show, and even sang its theme song, the self-effacing "Unknown Stuntman." Majors also invited several longtime friends, Linda Evans, Peter Breck, Lindsay Wagner and Richard Anderson, to guest-star in various episodes. The series ran for five seasons until 1986. According to an interview on Sirius/XM's Opie & Anthony Show in November 2010, the studio wanted to do another season of ''The Fall Guy'' but Majors was getting burnt out on Hollywood and felt the audience might have been getting burnt out on him.

After ''The Fall Guy'', Majors' career became more low-key, and he made a series of made-for-TV movies and several pilots for unsuccessful TV shows. Between 1987 and 1994, he and Lindsay Wagner reunited in three ''The Six Million Dollar Man''/''The Bionic Woman'' TV movies. In 1990, he had a recurring role in ''Tour of Duty'', and a recurring role in the short-lived 1992 series, ''Raven''.

Personal life

Majors has been married to:

Kathy Robinson (married 1961, divorced 1964); one child, actor Lee Majors II (born circa 1962). Majors II appeared as an OSI agent in the three ''The Six Million Dollar Man'' / ''The Bionic Woman'' reunion movies with his father.

Farrah Fawcett, actress, (married July 28, 1973, separated 1979, divorced February 16, 1982). During the first six years of their marriage, she was billed as ''Farrah Fawcett-Majors''. In 1976, the couple made TV history by being a husband and wife who simultaneously starred in separate top-rated shows (''The Six Million Dollar Man'' and ''Charlie's Angels''). After they split, Fawcett famously said, "If he's the six-million-dollar man, I'm the ten-billion-dollar woman." When Fawcett died on June 25, 2009, after her three-year-long battle with anal cancer, Majors issued a statement which read, "She fought a tremendous battle against a terrible disease. She was an angel on earth and now an angel forever." Besides attending her funeral, several reports indicated that Majors reconnected with Fawcett before her death. Karen Velez, ''Playboy'' Playmate, (married 1988, divorced 1994); one daughter, Nikki Loren, and twin sons, Dane Luke and Trey Kulley.

Faith Majors, actress and model, (married on November 1, 2002).

In the middle of 2003, Majors had heart bypass surgery.

Trivia

He starred in a German TV car commercial with his wife Faith Majors parodying the beginning of ''The Fall Guy'', always refusing the challenges presented in the original.

Majors played Jaret Reddick's disconnected father in Bowling For Soup's video, "When We Die."

The football field on North 15th Street in his hometown of Middlesboro, Kentucky, was renamed in his honor.

Majors voiced the character of "Big" Mitch Baker in the video game ''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City''.

In ''The Simpsons'' episode "Burns' Heir", Marge has a fantasy about Lee Majors, in which she runs away with him after Bart graduates from Harvard in the future.

In 2007 he voiced a character on the APTN stop motion animated children's program Wapos Bay: The Series parodying Steve Austin named "Steve from Austin".

In 2007, he played a minor role in Stephen King's The Mist.

In 2007, he played Grandpa Max in Ben 10: Race Against Time.

On January 1, 2008, Majors appeared in the role of "God" on the 7th season premiere and series finale of ''According to Jim''.

Also in 2008, Majors played a member of the Minutemen (dedicated to preventing illegal border crossings) in Season Four of the Showtime series ''Weeds'', where he recruits Kevin Nealon’s character.

Majors also played Coach Ross on the CW Network's television series "The Game", which ran from October 1, 2006 to May 20, 2009.

Endorses Lee Major's Rechargeable Bionic Hearing Aid

Lee Majors also appeared on ITVs The British Comedy Awards 2009 on the 12th December 2009 alongside Claudia Winkleman.

He played in Human Target (Season 1, Episode 12) as the mentor of Christopher Chance.

Majors played the crusty sailing instructor on the ''Community'' episode "Beginner Pottery".

He provides the voice of General Abernathy in G.I. Joe: Renegades.

Majors made a brief appearance as Don Reger in the episode "Well Suitored" of CBS series ''$#*! My Dad Says'' (2011).

Cast in the big screen remake of ''The Big Valley'' (2011). Majors is playing Tom Barkley, the father of the character he originally played on the television series, Heath Barkley.

References

External links

Category:1939 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Michigan Category:Adoptees adopted by relations Category:American adoptees Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Eastern Kentucky University alumni Category:People from Middlesboro, Kentucky Category:People from Wyandotte, Michigan

de:Lee Majors es:Lee Majors fr:Lee Majors it:Lee Majors nl:Lee Majors ja:リー・メジャース no:Lee Majors pl:Lee Majors pt:Lee Majors simple:Lee Majors fi:Lee Majors sv:Lee Majors

The Electric Boys are a funk metal band founded in Sweden in 1988, which enjoyed a cult status in Europe at the end of the decade.

They were formed by Conny Bloom (real surname: Blomqvist) (guitar/vocals) and Andy Christell (bass). Originally a duo, they signed for Polygram and scored a local Swedish hit with the single "All Lips and Hips" in 1988. This early version of what would become perhaps the band's best-known hit also appeared that same year in America on the soundtrack to the movie ''Feds''. The band then added second guitarist Franco Santunione and drummer Niklas Sigevall.

In 1989, the band's debut album ''Funk-O-Metal Carpet Ride'', including a revamped version of "All Lips and Hips" was a success in Europe, and they picked up a strong following in Britain, where, as well as headlining small clubs, they supported Thunder. When headlining Newcastle upon Tyne, Riverside club, the band were joined on stage by the lead singer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Anthony Kiedis who were performing in the same venue at around the same time. The following year, the album was released in America, where they also became moderately successful, thanks to the singles "All Lips and Hips" and "Psychedelic Eyes." However, the follow-up album ''Groovus Maximus'' did not emerge until 1992, by which time grunge had swept all before it and the album was overall inferior to the debut. By the end of an American tour to promote it supporting Mr. Big, the band had lost Santunione and Sigevall and both North American and European record deals. Outgoing members were replaced by Thomas Bromann (drums) and Martin Thomander (2nd guitar) and this lineup released the band's third album, ''Freewheelin''' on the Music For Nations label in Britain. The album attracted little interest and the band dissolved. In 2005, founders Bloom and Christell had joined Hanoi Rocks.

The ''Groovus Maximus'' album was recorded at the famous Abbey Road Studios in London. There were two music videos made from that album: "Mary in the Mystery World" & "Dying to be Loved." The "Dying to be Loved" music video only had a budget of £100.

The band reformed in 2009 and released "And Them Boys Done Swang" in 2011.

Discography

Albums:

1990 ''Funk-O-Metal Carpet Ride''

1992 ''Groovus Maximus''

1994 ''Freewheelin'''

2011 ''And Them Boys Done Swang''

Japanese bonus tracks+

Singles:

1988 "All Lips 'N Hips" (original version; only became a hit in Sweden)

1990 "All Lips 'N Hips" #76 US

1990 "Psychedelic Eyes"

1992 "Mary in the Mystery World"

1992 "Groovus Maximus"

1992 "Dying to be Loved"

1994 "Ready To Believe"

Other Recordings:

"King Kong Song" - ABBA cover for the 1992 Swedish ABBA tribute album ''ABBA: The Tribute'', released on Polar Music.

References

External links

Official Site

MusicMight bio

Live Photos From London Concert July 09

Category:Swedish heavy metal musical groups Category:Funk metal musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1988 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1994 Category:Living people

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